傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代的碰撞：沼氣脫硫技術(shù)全景掃描

The collision of tradition and modernity: panoramic scanning of biogas desulfurization technology

1. 經(jīng)典傳承：干法脫硫

1. Classic inheritance: dry desulfurization

干法脫硫憑借其簡(jiǎn)易、高效且成本相對(duì)較低的特性，在沼氣量小、硫化氫濃度低的場(chǎng)景中應(yīng)用廣泛。其核心原理是借助氧氣，將硫化氫氧化為硫或硫氧化物。常見(jiàn)的脫硫設(shè)備內(nèi)填充活性炭、氧化鐵等填料。當(dāng)沼氣以低流速通過(guò)填料層時(shí)，硫化氫發(fā)生氧化反應(yīng)，凈化后的氣體從另一端排出。以氧化鐵脫硫劑為例，沼氣中的硫化氫與氧化鐵發(fā)生反應(yīng)，生成硫化鐵；在有氧氣存在的條件下，硫化鐵又被氧化，使氧化鐵得以再生。為確保脫硫持續(xù)穩(wěn)定，脫硫塔通常設(shè)計(jì)為一用一備，當(dāng)脫硫劑失效或系統(tǒng)壓力損失過(guò)大時(shí)，可及時(shí)切換。不過(guò)，干法脫硫也存在短板，脫硫劑需頻繁更換，且塔體存在潛在腐蝕風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

Dry desulfurization is widely used in scenarios with low biogas production and low hydrogen sulfide concentration due to its simplicity, efficiency, and relatively low cost. The core principle is to use oxygen to oxidize hydrogen sulfide into sulfur or sulfur oxides. Common desulfurization equipment is filled with fillers such as activated carbon and iron oxide. When biogas passes through the packing layer at a low flow rate, hydrogen sulfide undergoes oxidation reaction, and the purified gas is discharged from the other end. Taking iron oxide desulfurizer as an example, hydrogen sulfide in biogas reacts with iron oxide to produce iron sulfide; In the presence of oxygen, iron sulfide is oxidized again, allowing for the regeneration of iron oxide. To ensure continuous and stable desulfurization, the desulfurization tower is usually designed with one in use and one as backup. When the desulfurizer fails or the system pressure loss is too large, it can be switched in a timely manner. However, dry desulfurization also has shortcomings, as the desulfurizer needs to be replaced frequently and there is a potential risk of corrosion in the tower body.

2. 技術(shù)革新：濕法脫硫

2. Technological innovation: Wet desulfurization

濕法脫硫在大型脫硫工程中占據(jù)重要地位，常作為粗脫硫的首選工藝。該工藝可細(xì)分為物理吸收法、化學(xué)吸收法和氧化法。其中，氧化法以堿性溶液為吸收劑，并添加載氧體作為催化劑，能將硫化氫氧化為單質(zhì)硫。在實(shí)際運(yùn)行中，沼氣由下至上通過(guò)脫硫塔，碳酸鈉或氫氧化鈉溶液從頂部噴淋而下，二者充分反應(yīng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)硫化氫的脫除。通過(guò)對(duì)出氣硫化氫濃度和 pH 值的實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控，可實(shí)現(xiàn)脫硫系統(tǒng)的全自動(dòng)運(yùn)行。相較于其他方法，濕法脫硫能長(zhǎng)期連續(xù)運(yùn)行，借助 pH 值維持脫硫效率，運(yùn)行費(fèi)用較低。但該工藝較為復(fù)雜，需要專人值守。

Wet desulfurization plays an important role in large-scale desulfurization projects and is often the preferred process for crude desulfurization. This process can be subdivided into physical absorption method, chemical absorption method, and oxidation method. Among them, the oxidation method uses alkaline solution as the absorbent and adds oxygen carrier as the catalyst, which can oxidize hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur. In actual operation, biogas passes through the desulfurization tower from bottom to top, and sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide solution sprays down from the top, fully reacting with each other to achieve the removal of hydrogen sulfide. By real-time monitoring of the concentration of hydrogen sulfide and pH value in the exhaust gas, the fully automatic operation of the desulfurization system can be achieved. Compared to other methods, wet desulfurization can operate continuously for a long time, maintain desulfurization efficiency with the help of pH value, and has lower operating costs. But the process is relatively complex and requires dedicated personnel to be on duty.

3. 綠色先鋒：生物脫硫

3. Green Pioneer: Biodesulfurization

生物脫硫技術(shù)作為 20 世紀(jì) 90 年代興起的新技術(shù)，以其高效率、低成本、高安全性等優(yōu)勢(shì)，逐漸成為沼氣脫硫領(lǐng)域的新寵。該技術(shù)利用脫硫微生物，在特定條件下將硫化氫轉(zhuǎn)化為單質(zhì)硫或硫酸。以?shī)W地利英環(huán) environtec 生物脫硫技術(shù)為例，將適量空氣導(dǎo)入含有硫化氫的沼氣中，混合氣體通過(guò)裝有特殊塑料填料的生物脫硫塔。在塔內(nèi)，脫硫細(xì)菌借助營(yíng)養(yǎng)液在填料上繁殖，吸收沼氣中的硫化氫并將其轉(zhuǎn)化為單質(zhì)硫，進(jìn)而生成稀硫酸。該工藝硫化氫去除率高達(dá) 98.5%，可處理硫化氫濃度高達(dá) 1.5%（15000ppm）的沼氣，且運(yùn)行成本低，系統(tǒng)可通過(guò)在線監(jiān)測(cè)實(shí)現(xiàn)全自動(dòng)運(yùn)行。

As a new technology that emerged in the 1990s, biological desulfurization technology has gradually become a new favorite in the field of biogas desulfurization due to its advantages of high efficiency, low cost, and high safety. This technology utilizes desulfurization microorganisms to convert hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid under specific conditions. Taking the Environtec biological desulfurization technology in Austria as an example, an appropriate amount of air is introduced into biogas containing hydrogen sulfide, and the mixed gas passes through a biological desulfurization tower equipped with special plastic packing. Inside the tower, desulfurization bacteria multiply on the packing material with the help of nutrient solution, absorb hydrogen sulfide in biogas and convert it into elemental sulfur, thereby generating dilute sulfuric acid. The hydrogen sulfide removal rate of this process is as high as 98.5%, and it can treat biogas with a hydrogen sulfide concentration of up to 1.5% (15000ppm). The operating cost is low, and the system can achieve fully automatic operation through online monitoring.

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